This video is about pathogenesis or pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus is explained with the help of graph in relation to fasting blood sugar and insulin resistance. pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus in reference to insulin resistance is explained.

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Criteria for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus

Polyol pathway

Diabetes mellitus diagnostic tests

Glycemic index

Pathophysiology of diabetes ketoacidosis

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Mehr über Diabetes Mellitus nachlesen ⏩ https://bit.ly/DiabetesMellitus_Blog
Der Begriff Diabetes mellitus bezeichnet eine Gruppe von Stoffwechselerkrankungen, bei denen der Glukosegehalt im Blut erhöht ist. Die häufigsten Arten, auf die dieser in Erscheinung tritt, sind Diabetes mellitus Typ 1 und Typ 2. Es gibt aber noch einen sog. Typ 3 und Typ 4.
Im Video gehe ich ausführlich auf die Zuckerkrankheit und die verschiedenen Typen ein.

Eine typische Patientengeschichte:
“In letzter Zeit fällt Thomas das Joggen zunehmend schwerer. Das Training verbessert seine Leistung nicht, es mindert sie! „Aber das kann doch nicht am Training liegen? Erstmal hinlegen, vielleicht wird’s dann besser“, denkt sich der Patient. Tatsächlich ist er seit kurzem öfter müde und gönnt sich deshalb das ein oder andere Mittagsschläfchen. Doch meist dauert dieses nicht lang, weil er häufiger dringend pinkeln muss und gleichzeitig enormen Durst hat.”

Bei Diabetes Mellitus handelt es sich um eine chronische Stoffwechselerkrankung mit absolutem bzw. relativem Insulinmangel sowie Hyperglykämie, also einer krankhaft erhöhten Menge Glukose im Blut.
Wenn wir Zucker zu uns nehmen, wird dieser normalerweise im Rahmen der Verdauung von den Darmepithelzellen aufgenommen. Von dort aus gelangt er ins Blut und kann mit Hilfe des Hormons Insulin in die Körperzellen befördert werden. In diesen wird der Zucker zur Gewinnung von Energie und der Synthese wichtiger Stoffwechselprodukte für den Körper genutzt. Das Insulin stammt dabei aus den B-Zellen der Bauchspeicheldrüse, des sog. Pankreas. Leidet man an Diabetes mellitus, ist dieser Weg gestört.

Die allgemeinen Symptome von Diabetes sind Müdigkeit und Leistungsminderung.
Hinzu kommt eine erhöhte Harnproduktion, die oberhalb von 2000 ml/Tag liegt (sog. ‚Polyurie‘). In der Folge hat der Patient oft ein quälendes Durstempfinden (sog. ‚Polydipsie‘).
Durch die Polyurie kommt es zur erhöhten Ausscheidung von Magnesium und Kalium, was wiederum Wadenkrämpfe verursachen kann und außerdem dafür verantwortlich ist, dass der Patient über trockene oder juckende Haut klagt, was vor allem durch den hohen Flüssigkeitsverlust verursacht wird.
Schwankungen im Blutzuckerspiegel können indes zu Sehstörungen führen und ein absoluter Mangel an Insulin kann Gewichtsabnahme zur Folge haben.

Wichtig: Viele dieser Symptome gehen vor allem mit Typ-1-Diabetes einher, während die Erkrankung bei Typ-2-Diabetikern anfangs eher asymptomatisch, also ohne erkennbare Symptome, verläuft.

Typische Folgen von Diabetes:
1. Diabetische Polyneuropathie (Nervenschädigungen)
2. Durchblutungsstörungen
3. Diabetische Retinopathie (Schädigung der Netzhaut)
4. Diabetische Nephropathie (Schädigung der Nieren)
5. Diabetischer Fuß (schlecht heilende Wunden am Fuß)

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This video “Diabetes Mellitus: Hyperlipidemia & Type 2 Diabetes” is part of the Lecturio course “Family Medicine” ► WATCH the complete course on http://lectur.io/diabetesmellitus1

► LEARN ABOUT:
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– Hyperlipidemia and Obesity
– Screening for T2DM

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As an expert clinician, it is important for us to understand the causes of various diseases so that we can manage the correct pathology. Diabetes is one of the most prevalent diseases and knowing the types and various pathologies are critical for all of us.

In this lecture, Dr. Mobeen presents the classification of diabetes mellitus based on various pathologies.

Dr. Mobeen discusses type 1, type 2, MODY, and other classes of diabetes mellitus.

Pathologies discussed are:
1. Autoimmune destruction of the beta cells (type 1 diabetes mellitus.)
2. Resistance to insulin action (type 2 diabetes mellitus)
3. The genetic issues causing polymorphism of the insulin molecule
4. Exogenous reasons (pancreatic removal, destruction, etc.)
5. Infections of the pancreas
6. Endocrine pathologies
7. Drugs mediated diabetes mellitus
8. Gestational diabetes mellitus
9. MODY (Maturity onset diabetes of the young)

Complete lecture:
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Gestational diabetes mellitus review on nursing care, symptoms, and pathophysiology.

Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that occurs during the 2nd to 3rd trimester of pregnancy. It tends to disappear after pregnancy. However, many women will go on to develop Type 2 diabetes later one.

Gestational diabetes development during to low insulin sensitivity that occurs during later pregnancy. This is majorly influenced by pregnancy hormones such as human placental lactogen etc.

Symptoms of gestational diabetes are similar to hyperglycemia: increased hunger, thirst, urination, glucose in the urine, fruity breath, etc.

For more detailed information on nursing care, risk factors and patho, please watch the video.

#gestationaldiabetes #maternitynursing #diabetespregnancy

Quiz: https://www.registerednursern.com/gestational-diabetes-nclex-questions/
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Diabetes refers to a group of conditions characterized by a high level of blood glucose, commonly referred to as blood sugar. Too much sugar in the blood can cause serious, sometimes life-threatening health problems.
There are two types of chronic diabetic conditions: type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Pregnant women may acquire a transient form of the disease called “gestational diabetes” which usually resolves after the birth of baby. Pre-diabetes is when the blood sugar level is at the borderline: higher than normal, but lower than in diabetics. Prediabetes may or may not progress to diabetes.
During food digestion, carbohydrates – or carb – break down into glucose which is carried by the bloodstream to various organs of the body. Here, it is either consumed as an energy source – in muscles for example – or is stored for later use in the liver. Insulin is a hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas and is necessary for glucose intake by target cells. In other words, when insulin is deficient, muscle or liver cells are unable to use or store glucose, and as a result, glucose accumulates in the blood.
In healthy people, beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin; insulin binds to its receptor on target cells and induces glucose intake.
In type 1 diabetes, beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed by the immune system by mistake. The reason why this happens is unclear, but genetic factors are believed to play a major role. Insulin production is reduced; less insulin binds to its receptor on target cells; less glucose is taken into the cells, more glucose stays in the blood. Type 1 is characterized by early onset, symptoms commonly start suddenly and before the age of 20. Type 1 diabetes is normally managed with insulin injection. Type 1 diabetics are therefore “insulin dependent”.
In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas produces enough insulin but something goes wrong either with receptor binding or insulin signaling inside the target cells. The cells are not responsive to insulin and therefore cannot import glucose; glucose stays in the blood. In other words, type 2 diabetics are “insulin resistant”. Here again, genetic factors predispose susceptibility to the disease, but it is believed that lifestyle plays a very important role in type 2. Typically, obesity, inactive lifestyle, and unhealthy diet are associated with higher risk of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 is characterized by adult onset; symptoms usually appear gradually and start after the age of 30. Type 2 diabetes accounts for about 80 to 90% of all diabetics. Management focuses on weight loss and includes a low-carb diet.

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NCLEX pharmacology practice question on Insulin for the patient with diabetes mellitus. This NCLEX-style question will test your knowledge about Insulin Lispro (Humalog) and wants to know when the patient is at most risk for hypoglycemia based on the time you administered the medication.

On the NCLEX exam, it is inevitable you will receive pharmacology type questions. This particular NCLEX practice question will require you to determine what type of insulin Lispro is (rapid, short, intermediate, or long-acting) and when a patient is at most risk for hypoglycemia (onset, peak, duration).

This video is part of a weekly NCLEX review series where I will be going over NCLEX-style questions with you. I will be helping you analyze and breakdown each question, and walk you through how to select the correct option.

NCLEX questions require critical thinking and you must know how to use your nursing knowledge to gather the facts and analyze what the question is asking.

NCLEX Pharmacology Practice Question on Insulin:

Your patient’s blood glucose level is 215 mg/dL. The patient is about to eat lunch. Per sliding scale, you administer 4 units of Insulin Lispro (Humalog) subcutaneously at 1130. As the nurse, you know the patient is most at risk for hypoglycemia at what time?

A. 1145
B. 1230
C. 1430
D. 1630

Watch the video for the correct answer and rationale.

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Notes: https://www.registerednursern.com/nclex-practice-question-on-insulin/

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FISIOPATOLOGÍA DE LA DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 1 Y TIPO2
Hola muy buenos días a todos espero que se encuentren muy bien y con muchas ganas de aprender este bonito tema de la medicina que es FISIOPATOLOGÍA DE LA DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 1 Y TIPO 2 a lo largo del vídeo veremos todos estos puntos:

#FisiopatologíaDiabetesMellitus #DiabetesMellitusTipo1y2 “DiabetesMellitusFisiopatología
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1.-FISIOLOGÍA DEL PÁNCREAS.
-FUNCIÓN ENDOCRINA.
-FUNCIÓN DE LA INSULINA, SOMATOSTATINA Y GLUCAGÓN.
2.-DEFINICIÓN DEL DIABETES MELLITUS
3.-TIPOS DE DIABETES.
-DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 1.
-DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 2.
-DIABETES GESTACIONAL.
-OTROS.
4.-PATOGENIA (CAUSAS) DE LA DIABETES MELLITUS
5.-FISIOPATOLOGIA DE LA DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 1
6.-FISIOPATOLOGIA DE LA DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 2
7.-MORFOLOGÍA DE LA DIABETES MELLITUS
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Description of pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and a discussion of complications.
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This video “Diabetes Mellitus and Type 2 Diabetes: Diagnosis & Management” is part of the Lecturio course “Family Medicine” ► WATCH the complete course on http://lectur.io/melllitus

► LEARN ABOUT:
– Diabetes mellitus
– Hyperlipidemia and Obesity
– Screening for T2DM
– Type 2 diabetes
– Routine evaluation of patients with T2DM
– Taking care of diabetes
– Treatment of T2DM – Lifestyle
– Pearl regarding home glucose testing
– When to start insulin
– Insulin treatment in T2DM

► THE PROF:
Your tutor is Dr. Charles Vega, who has over 20 years of experience in patient care and has led hundreds of didactics on clinical issues. He was also proud to receive a rare medical teaching fellowship that gave him highly valuable insight on curriculum design and learner engagement.

► LECTURIO is your single-point resource for medical school:
Study for your classes, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MCAT or MBBS with video lectures by world-class professors, recall & USMLE-style questions and textbook articles. Create your free account now: http://lectur.io/melllitus

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Diabetes Mellitus — Types, Complications and Treatment
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Diabetes mellitus NCLEX pharmacology medication review of the nursing care management for the diabetic patient. This will include the diabetic diet (carbs, fats, proteins), exercise regime (how to monitor glucose prior to exercise, types of exercises for the diabetic), and pharmacological management (oral medications for type 2 diabetes, insulin therapy for type 1 diabetes, and medications that cause hyperglycemia/hypoglycemia). In addition, I will cover the NCLEX highlights for oral medications, such as Sulfonylureas, Meglitinides, Biguanides, Alpha-glucoside inhibitors, and Thiazolidinedione, Insulin mnemonics for short-acting, rapid-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulin (which will include onset, peak, and duration times with a clever mnemonic). Don’t forget to watch PART 1 of this series on the patho, causes, types, complications, and nursing assessment of diabetes.

Quiz on DM Pharmacology & Nursing Management: http://www.registerednursern.com/diabetes-mellitus-pharmacology-nursing-management-nclex-quiz/

Part 1 of this NCLEX Diabetes Series: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ek6hnu1zaog

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(USMLE topics) This is an updated version to include explanation of symptoms and complications. This video is available for instant download licensing here https://www.alilamedicalmedia.com/-/galleries/narrated-videos-by-topics/diabetes/-/medias/b13f42e3-24ec-4b99-85b8-1decf0535101-updated-diabetes-narrated-animation-full-version
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Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of conditions characterized by high levels of blood glucose, commonly referred to as blood sugar.
During digestion, carbohydrates in food are broken down into glucose which is carried by the bloodstream to various organs of the body. Glucose is taken up by the cells and is either consumed as an energy source or stored for later use. Insulin is a hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas and is necessary for driving glucose into cells. Binding of insulin to its receptor on target cells triggers a signaling cascade that brings glucose transporters to the cell membrane. When insulin is deficient, glucose cannot enter the cells; it stays in the blood, causing high blood sugar levels while the cells are deprived of nutrition. This results in unexplained weight loss and increased hunger. As blood sugar level exceeds the ability of the kidneys to reabsorb, it overflows into urine, taking water along with it, resulting in large volumes of urine, dehydration and excessive thirst.
In the long run, too much sugar in the blood may cause damages to blood vessels, resulting in increased risks of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke. Damaged vessels in the eyes may lead to loss of vision; while in the kidneys, renal failure may result. High blood sugar is also toxic to the nerves, resulting in numbness, tingling and reduced pain perception. This, together with impaired wound healing can lead to development of skin ulcers, most commonly in the feet.
Acute hyperglycemic crises may develop when diabetic patients undergo additional stress such as infections, other illness or inadequate treatment. These complications involve severe disturbances of blood homeostasis and are potentially life-threatening.
There are two major types of diabetes mellitus.
In type 1, beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed by the body’s own immune system by mistake. The exact mechanism remains unclear, but genetic factors are believed to play a major role, with at least 50 genes involved in predisposition to the disease. Insulin production is reduced; less insulin binds to its receptor on target cells; less glucose is taken into the cells; more glucose stays in the blood. Type 1 is characterized by early onset, symptoms usually start suddenly, before the age of 20. Type 1 diabetes is “insulin dependent” and can be successfully managed with insulin replacement.
In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas produces enough insulin but something goes wrong either with receptor binding or the signaling cascade in the target cells. The cells are not responsive to insulin and therefore cannot import glucose. Type 2 diabetics are said to be “insulin resistant”. Here again, genetic factors predispose susceptibility to the disease, but lifestyle plays a major role. Type 2 is characterized by adult onset; symptoms appear gradually, usually after the age of 30. Management focuses on weight loss and includes a low-carb diet.
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Diabetes mellitus (DM) occurs when the body either produces insufficient amounts of insulin (type 1 diabetes), or the body build resistance to insulin due to overuse (type 2 diabetes). In this NCLEX review, Mike Linares RN reviews insulin types, memory tricks on how to remember insulin peak times, onset, and duration of:
Rapid acting insulin: Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine (brand names: Humalog, Novolog, Apidra)
Short acting insulin: Regular Insulin (Humulin, Acrapid, Novolin)
Intermediate acting insulin: NPH, Lente
Long acting insulin: Glargine insulin, Detemir insulin (brand names: Lantus, Levemir)

The pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes is where the pancreas does not produce insulin, and type two diabetes is where the body develops insulin resistance.

Pharmacology of type one diabetes includes insulin subcutaneous injection and insulin pump, and type two diabetes mellitus includes adherance to diet, oral antidiabetics as well as insulin.

Both could be exacerbated into extreme conditions, DKA (diabetes ketoacidosis) more common in type one diabetes, and HHS or HHNS (hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome).

This 7 part video series on endocrine medical surgical adult health nursing is intended to help registered nurse RN students and LPN students with NCLEX memorization tricks. In this video series Michael Linares, RN from Simple Nursing helps explain the nursing pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, causes, pathology, treatment options for various diagnosis, which are expected to know for the NCLEX, HESI, ATI, and Kaplan proctor exams.

For more information on NCLEX endocrine medical surgical nursing topics like Cushings and Addison nursing treatments, diabetes mellitus and insulin onset, peak and duration memory tricks for NCLEX RN and LPN, click here: https://simplenursing.com/free-trial/

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