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Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of conditions characterized by high levels of blood glucose, commonly referred to as blood sugar.
During digestion, carbohydrates in food are broken down into glucose which is carried by the bloodstream to various organs of the body. Glucose is taken up by the cells and is either consumed as an energy source or stored for later use. Insulin is a hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas and is necessary for driving glucose into cells. Binding of insulin to its receptor on target cells triggers a signaling cascade that brings glucose transporters to the cell membrane. When insulin is deficient, glucose cannot enter the cells; it stays in the blood, causing high blood sugar levels while the cells are deprived of nutrition. This results in unexplained weight loss and increased hunger. As blood sugar level exceeds the ability of the kidneys to reabsorb, it overflows into urine, taking water along with it, resulting in large volumes of urine, dehydration and excessive thirst.
In the long run, too much sugar in the blood may cause damages to blood vessels, resulting in increased risks of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke. Damaged vessels in the eyes may lead to loss of vision; while in the kidneys, renal failure may result. High blood sugar is also toxic to the nerves, resulting in numbness, tingling and reduced pain perception. This, together with impaired wound healing can lead to development of skin ulcers, most commonly in the feet.
Acute hyperglycemic crises may develop when diabetic patients undergo additional stress such as infections, other illness or inadequate treatment. These complications involve severe disturbances of blood homeostasis and are potentially life-threatening.
There are two major types of diabetes mellitus.
In type 1, beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed by the body’s own immune system by mistake. The exact mechanism remains unclear, but genetic factors are believed to play a major role, with at least 50 genes involved in predisposition to the disease. Insulin production is reduced; less insulin binds to its receptor on target cells; less glucose is taken into the cells; more glucose stays in the blood. Type 1 is characterized by early onset, symptoms usually start suddenly, before the age of 20. Type 1 diabetes is “insulin dependent” and can be successfully managed with insulin replacement.
In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas produces enough insulin but something goes wrong either with receptor binding or the signaling cascade in the target cells. The cells are not responsive to insulin and therefore cannot import glucose. Type 2 diabetics are said to be “insulin resistant”. Here again, genetic factors predispose susceptibility to the disease, but lifestyle plays a major role. Type 2 is characterized by adult onset; symptoms appear gradually, usually after the age of 30. Management focuses on weight loss and includes a low-carb diet.
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Diabetes mellitus (DM) occurs when the body either produces insufficient amounts of insulin (type 1 diabetes), or the body build resistance to insulin due to overuse (type 2 diabetes). In this NCLEX review, Mike Linares RN reviews insulin types, memory tricks on how to remember insulin peak times, onset, and duration of:
Rapid acting insulin: Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine (brand names: Humalog, Novolog, Apidra)
Short acting insulin: Regular Insulin (Humulin, Acrapid, Novolin)
Intermediate acting insulin: NPH, Lente
Long acting insulin: Glargine insulin, Detemir insulin (brand names: Lantus, Levemir)

The pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes is where the pancreas does not produce insulin, and type two diabetes is where the body develops insulin resistance.

Pharmacology of type one diabetes includes insulin subcutaneous injection and insulin pump, and type two diabetes mellitus includes adherance to diet, oral antidiabetics as well as insulin.

Both could be exacerbated into extreme conditions, DKA (diabetes ketoacidosis) more common in type one diabetes, and HHS or HHNS (hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome).

This 7 part video series on endocrine medical surgical adult health nursing is intended to help registered nurse RN students and LPN students with NCLEX memorization tricks. In this video series Michael Linares, RN from Simple Nursing helps explain the nursing pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, causes, pathology, treatment options for various diagnosis, which are expected to know for the NCLEX, HESI, ATI, and Kaplan proctor exams.

For more information on NCLEX endocrine medical surgical nursing topics like Cushings and Addison nursing treatments, diabetes mellitus and insulin onset, peak and duration memory tricks for NCLEX RN and LPN, click here: https://simplenursing.com/free-trial/

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Need help with other difficult nursing school topics?
Click below. We got you covered 🙂
– Fluid & Electrolytes https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3NAm8UHLUnLJSqeCM_EJHXZ685sb67bn
– Heart Failure (CHF) https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3NAm8UHLUnLEVzZvkdBX1IWHPg21Jobw
– Myocardial Infarction (MI) https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3NAm8UHLUnLLJQsAIsQaHJiOvcLN1cUe
– Addison’s vs. Cushing https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3NAm8UHLUnKT3JBkVTN-hXbyULbPgWz5
– Diabetes Mellitus & DKA vs HHNS https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3NAm8UHLUnKxNrh1HdilzIIH9WM8JrLq
– Cardiomyopathy https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3NAm8UHLUnIeh0g_moaGLzXWiOh3fqdi
– IV Fluids: Hypertonic, Hypotonic & Isotonic https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3NAm8UHLUnIdjUfgMcAE1JIq6Nx29JRX
– Hypertension https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5zg95R8H1oo
– Hyperkalemia https://youtu.be/HdG8lqJzWi4
– SIADH vs Diabetes Insipidus https://youtu.be/hKFGGv0E-5A

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