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Diabetes mellitus series ( Part 1 ) – Types of Diabetes, Causes, Risk Factors, and Symptoms

Diabetes mellitus (DM) describes a group of metabolic diseases that are characterized by chronic hyperglycemia (elevated blood glucose levels). The two most common forms are type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 1 is the result of an autoimmune response that triggers the destruction of insulin-producing β cells in the pancreas and results in an absolute insulin deficiency. Type 2, which is much more common, has a strong genetic component as well as a significant association with obesity and sedentary lifestyles. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance (insufficient response of peripheral cells to insulin) and pancreatic β cell dysfunction (impaired insulin secretion), resulting in relative insulin deficiency. This form of diabetes usually remains clinically inapparent for many years. However, abnormal metabolism (prediabetic state or impaired glucose intolerance), which is associated with chronic hyperglycemia, causes microvascular and macrovascular changes that eventually result in cardiovascular, renal, retinal, and neurological complications. In addition, type 2 diabetic patients often present with other conditions (e.g. hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity) that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (e.g., myocardial infarction). Renal insufficiency is primarily responsible for the reduced life expectancy of patients with DM.
Because of the chronic, progressive nature of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, a comprehensive treatment approach is necessary. The primary treatment goals for type 2 diabetes are the normalization of glucose metabolism and the management of risk factors (e.g., arterial hypertension). In theory, weight normalization, physical activity, and a balanced diet should be sufficient to prevent the manifestation of diabetes in prediabetic patients or delay the progression of disease in diabetic patients. Unfortunately, these general measures alone are rarely successful, and treatment with oral antidiabetic drugs and/or insulin injections is often required for optimal glycemic control. In type 1 diabetes, insulin replacement therapy is essential and patients must learn to coordinate insulin injections and dietary carbohydrates. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients require regular self-management training to improve glycemic control, reduce the risk of life-threatening hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia, and prevent diabetic complications.

#diabetesmellitus #diabetes #diabetescauses #diabetestypes #diabetesriskfactors #diabetessymptoms
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